Colbert, le puissant ministre de Louis XIV
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert () a été l'un des plus importants ministres de Louis XIV. Recommandé par le cardinal Mazarin, Colbert devient rapidement l’un des principaux conseillers du jeune roi. En , après avoir participé à la chute de Nicolas Fouquet, il devient à son tour le surintendant des Finances. Promoteur des manufactures royales et des compagnies de commerce, il exerça aussi son influence sur la politique intérieure et extérieure du Roi Soleil. Plus illustre des grands commis de l'Etat, Colbert a non seulement marqué son temps sous Louis XIV, mais aussi laissé une empreinte durable sur la politique française, au point de donner son nom à une doctrine : le colbertisme, mélange de protectionnisme et d'intervention de l'Etat dans l'économie.
La fulgurante carrière de Colbert sous Louis XIV
Né en et fils d’un marchand drapier qui n’avait pas fait de très bonnes affaires, Colbert commença sa carrière comme petit commis dans les bureaux de la Guerre, sous Le Tellier. Conseiller d’État en , il devint « domestique » de Maz
Scientist of the Day - Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, oil on canvas, by Philippe de Champaigne, , Metropolitan Museum of Art (Wikimedia commons)
Jean-Baptiste Colbert, a French politician and financial advisor to the King, was born Aug. 29, With the death of Cardinal Mazarin in , Colbert became Louis XIV's most trusted adviser and eventually his Minister of Finances, a position he held until his death in He merits inclusion as a Scientist of the Day because, in December of , he founded the Academie Royale des Sciences, the world’s second oldest, still flourishing scientific society, outranked only by the Royal Society of London, chartered in
Paris had seen the rise of several scientific academies in the s and early s, such as the Montmor Academy, which was formally organized in , or the Thevenot Academy, founded in These were groups supported by private patrons, but they included many of the ablest scientists in France. They seem to have been inspired by the group that met in the cell of Marin Mersenne in Paris in the s and included René Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Giles de Roberval, and Pierre Gassendi. This group continued to
Scion of a family involved with international trade since the sixteenth century, son of a cloth merchant, Colbert entered the service of the state in A protégé of Mazarin, he was made a minister by Louis XIV in He went on to hold almost all of the great offices of state, with the exception of the Ministries of War and Foreign Affairs. As Comptroller-General of Finances, Secretary of State for the King’s Household, Secretary of State for the Merchant Navy and Superintendent of Royal Buildings, Arts and Manufactories, he met with the monarch five times a week and kept up a regular correspondence with him.
Anecdote
Colbert gave an unprecedented boost to the kingdom’s trade, expanding France’s international influence through the creation of commercial companies such as the East India Company in the s and s. It was under his leadership that the French trading outpost in Pondicherry, southeast India was established, and the colony of New France, later Quebec, was expanded.
He also commissioned extensive building work in Paris and established various squares as well as the Tuileries Gardens. A keen patron of the sciences, Colbert was the driving force behind the foundation of the
Jean Baptiste Colbert,
Powerful contrôleur général (roughly, minister of finance) under King Louis XIV of France from to Colbert managed, against the incredible odds of the Sun King's extravagance, to keep some degree of solvency in French state finances. He is the architect of the French strain of Mercantilism, known as Colbertisme.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert was a commoner, born to a merchant family in Reims, in the Champagne region of France . After some reverses to his father's business, the family moved to Paris in , in the hopes of starting a new career in finance, leaving young Colbert behind in a Jesuit boarding school in Reims. In , at the age of fifteen, Colbert was sent to Lyons to apprentice in a commercial banking house. He eventually returned to Paris to rejoin his family, and was placed by his father as an intern in various offices around Paris (notary, procurator) to complete his training.
In , reaching the age of twenty one, his father (with the help of his influential cousin, Colbert de Saint-Pouange) managed to purchase a State office for young Colbert in the administration of
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